Millennials and Beyond

Based on the official definition of “Millennial,” it means that I, someone who didn’t have a cellphone until college (Nokia brick with no texting ability), am somehow lumped together into the same “generation” as my middle school students born after 9/11!

As someone who has just as much trouble relating to “kids these days” as my colleagues born in the 60s and 70s, the generation labels don’t make a whole lot of sense. Which is why, while reading The App Generation, I felt an enormous feeling of relief. The “App Generation” refers to children born into the world of smartphones, where the Internet is everywhere, accessible at any time. The main characteristics of the generation revolve around what Howard Gardner calls the “3 I’s”:

Identity (Public/Online vs. Personal/Private)

Intimacy (Followers and “Friends” vs. Face to Face Interactions)

Imagination (Instant Gratification vs. Creative Problem-Solving)

I see so many of these attributes in my students, magnified by the fact that they are in middle school. When you are 12-14 years old, the 3 I’s are always a struggle, regardless of your generational label. In the world of social media and smartphones, however, these characteristics become even more apparent. In short, I do not envy my students in the slightest. My middle-school years were...well, terrible. Everything was awkward and embarrassing. My biggest mistakes (fashion and otherwise) were made between the ages of 12 and 19. Could you imagine having to go through all of that “on the record” with everyone watching? Yikes.

It is important that we understand where our students are coming from, and not just so we can effectively teach them content knowledge. We need to develop our own empathy skills in order to build meaningful relationships with them, too.

Get Smart: Net Smart

Howard Reingold’s Net Smart is really the perfect companion to a class about Information Use. Including elements from class that we have already studied (the Halo Effect, Information Diet), Net Smart also introduces new literacies like Participation and Collaboration that tie everything together.

What struck me most about Reingold’s writing was his chapter on Attention, specifically his ideas around solitude and mindfulness. He describes how a “media triggered distraction can be … a cause for a dangerous loss of solitude.”

In an ever-connected world, I really feel like all of us (especially educators) are losing our connection to ourselves. As an introvert, it can be difficult to navigate this new, ever-collaborating world. It seems like every minute there’s a conference call, a “brainstorming session,” a group project...it’s completely overwhelming for someone whose internal voice speaks louder than her external. We introverts have become really good at “playing the (extrovert) game,” but inside all I want to do is sit down with a pen and some paper and get my own thoughts together before jumping into the mix. There’s this idea out now (a misconception, I think) that “two heads are better than one,” and while I believe there’s a need for collaboration and co-learning among humans (Mind in Society, anyone?), there’s also an equally important need for self-reflection and internal dialogue. For more on this idea, check out this TED Talk from Susan Cain (her book Quiet is a must-read for any teacher):

Some of our greatest thinkers and innovators were introverts who worked alone, and I think Reingold is aware of the mindful traits that made them special.

Copyright and Fair Use: Erlaubt oder Verboten?

This week we discussed at length Copyright law, specifically Fair Use, and how it affects us as educators. In short? Without a thorough understanding of Fair Use laws, we simply cannot be effective instructors.

Fair Use is a sticky wicket, mostly because there is so much misinformation out there circulating as fact. Teachers are warned about the dangers of Copyright fraud, and that at any moment we or our students could be subject to auditing by the elusive Copyright Police.

In truth, many “guidelines” for Fair Use and appropriate Copyright practices do not follow the actual legislation at all. They are typically written by media companies who want to keep teachers and others from using their materials without their permission (i.e. without paying license or royalty fees).

In truth, educators need to be aware of five main indicators of Fair Use:

1. Tranformation: are you and/or your students using the Copyrighted material in a new, innovative way to deepen understanding?
2. Purpose: Why are you using this particular material? (ex: it is an example of the German sense of humor or gives perspective into how Germans think culturally about a specific topic)
3. Nature: Are you intending to use the material in the same way or for a different reason? Are you expecting to make money off of the use? Are your intentions ethical?
4. Amount: How much of the material do you intend to use?
5. Market Impact: Is your use of the Copyrighted material going to take market business away from the original creator? Are they going to lose income if you use the material?

It is a relief to finally be accurately informed about Fair Use. As a German teacher, it is essential that I incorporate authentic materials into my instruction. Students must be exposed to German that was created for and is used by Germans! Music, images, short films, newspaper and magazine articles are all part of these authentic cultural materials. It would be a disservice to my students to expose them to anything less (i.e. textbook or teacher-created “stand in” materials for the real thing). I can now evaluate my use of these Copyrighted materials, and make my own decisions as to how I want to use them (and how I want my students to use them as well) in my classroom.

Information Overindulgence

I am not an Infovegan. Not because I have anything against veganism per se, I just don’t have that kind of willpower. InfoPaleo is probably a better way to describe my information consumption. I follow a  Paleo diet in my eating life, and while the focus is similarly on eating whole foods (mostly fruit and veggies) and avoiding factory-farmed meats and processed junk, there still room for indulgences like bacon and butter.

This diet is analogous to how I approach my information consumption. I still get the Washington Post delivered to my door. I listen to NPR on the radio every morning on my drive into work. And while these news sources are documented to lean left-of-center, they are still considerably more reliable than the sensationalized entertainment “news” on cable nowadays. As Joan Cusack so wisely argues in one of my favorite movies (Say Anything), "There's no food in your food!"

On the other hand, I do love a good Daily Show snark fest every now and again (FYI they just did a great segment called “Polarized Media: Consuming News from Inside Your Bubble”).

So how does all of this effect my students? Well, we model the behavior we want to see in our classrooms. It would be a hard sell trying to convince my students to eat carrots while I stuff my face with Cheez-Its.

We need to make sure our students have the skills and strategies necessary to navigate a world of misinformation, not just so they become better researchers, but so they can also become informed citizens. And the best place to start is with ourselves.

Passing the Torch

When I first read the description of what the “creative spirit of design” was, I couldn’t help but think on one of my favorite TED Talks by conductor Benjamin Zander. In his talk he discusses the power of classical music, but also his life’s goal: leave your audience “with their eyes shining.”

His is a powerful message. As teachers, we aren’t simply deliverers of information, just as our students aren’t simply receptacles for it. We are all dynamic human beings with our own perspectives and ideas. Letting our students become designers allows all of us to tap into our creativity and enrich not only our minds but our spirits as well. Our goal is for our students to leave our classrooms with their eyes shining, excited about what’s to come.

In the reality of day to day teaching, that is a tall order. It’s tough to get some of our kids to consistently bring a pencil to class, let alone get them to create a high-quality website/blog/promo video, etc. But with some carefully designed scaffolding, we can guide our students to an end product that they can be proud of, while also helping them strongly grasp our learning goals.

The term “scaffolding” comes from construction; the supports around a structure that is in the process of being built or renovated. The problem with scaffolding, however, is that it’s very obviously present and can be a real eyesore. I like to think of the structure and support we give our students more as an invisible fence. The boundaries are there, but they aren’t so obvious or imposing. Students know not to wander off too far, but the view of their product isn’t obstructed, nor is their creativity staunched by rules and regulations.

A good “invisible fence” needs three things: clear expectations/outcomes, solid background knowledge, and regular checkpoints for feedback. These are all elements of lesson design, and can be achieved through rubrics, examples/modeling of the final product, and opportunities for evaluation and reflection before the final product is due.

As a middle school teacher, laying a reliable invisible fence is so important. My kids are at one of the most creative points in their lives. They have more knowledge about the world than when they were in elementary school, but they haven’t yet grown out of the magic and imagination of early childhood. Without a good fence, they are destined to wander all over the place and never get to where they need to go. But with a good one, they can design their way to an end idea that aligns with my learning goals.

Justifying the Means

The biggest lesson I took from our fifth design principle (The Means Principle) is that it is not about technology so much as it is about good lesson design. Technology should only be implemented into a design after “mindful consideration” in regards to both the “cognitive and social” aspects of your lesson as well as your “content and learning activities.”

A technology may encourage creativity and collaboration and be really engaging to students, but that doesn’t mean it is right for your learning goals.

The biggest paradigm shift for me was understanding where to start. You don’t pick a technology you like and then work backwards to build a lesson around it. You have to start all the way at the beginning, with your design ABCS. Once you have your lesson design - your authentic problem, learning goals and activities, etc. then you can analyze what needs you and your students will have based on those goals. After you know what your students need, you can then begin vetting technologies that satisfy those needs.

The technologies that you choose for your Background Building activities may be completely different than the technologies necessary for your Construction activities. But because you started with a design, all technologies serve a purpose: to meet the needs of your learners.

Teaching with technology is, after all, still teaching. And good teaching always starts with a strong design.

Lessons from the Victorian "Dot-Comers"

Without new technologies, there would be no progress. No agriculture, no modern medicine, no Twitter at 3 am. So much of the world has changed so quickly since the turn of the century when the invention wheel really began spinning in the Victorian era. The invention and widespread use of the telegraph was just the beginning of a massive waterfall of discovery.

The the 1990s, with the start of the Internet Era, we experienced a very similar technological boom - and all of its classic consequences. Suspicion, criminal abuse, economic boom and following sudden decline, and an emerging community of jargon-speaking "insiders." How were we to guess that not even 20 years in the future people would be walking around with entire computer systems attached to their wrists (Apple Watch, fans, anyone?). It sounded like science fiction. I remember the first time I saw an iMac and looked everywhere for the computer tower (where it it?! in a desk drawer?!). It's really amazing what today's technology can do.

But one lesson still rings true no matter what: just because it's the Next Big Thing doesn't mean it needs to be in our classrooms right away. I know, I sound like one of the early skeptics, right? And it's true! For example, I didn't have a smart phone until last December. But it's not because I'm not progressive! I just didn't want to buy into the gimmick. I didn't see the value in spending hundreds of dollars on a piece of machinery that was likely to break within 2 years of its use. I couldn't imagine shelling out thousands of dollars every year in addition to pay for the data plan necessary to use the thing, either. So I waited. I did some research, and now I am super happy with my GoogleFi phone and pay-as-you-go style data plan.

The same rules apply to technology in the classroom. There are certain vetting processes that need to be gone through before a technology is introduced. Just because your colleague uses a certain app doesn't mean it will be useful to your students. Just because your principal put "Classroom Technology Use" on the staff evaluation form doesn't mean you need to incorporate Kahoot into your lessons everyday. Technology is a tool, and as such it should fit the job for which it is needed.

Another important idea to remember from The Victorian Internet is that no matter what, humans will be humans. As teachers we work hard to build positive and trusting relationships with our students, but we also have to teach them how to navigate our new (and very public) technological world. It is important to anticipate constraints and human nature, and to have expectations already in place to guide our students to make appropriate choices, and help them when they make mistakes.

"Krashen" Vygotsky's Party

Despite the density of Vygotsky’s writings, I really relate to his discoveries and ideas (once I understood them, of course!). As a German teacher, even with students aged 12-14, so much of what I do in class looks a lot like preschool or Kindergarten: Telling stories (like the one I told based on this Pixar short), teaching the German equivalent to “1, 2, Buckle my Shoe” (1, 2, Polizei) to help students learn their numbers and practice pronunciation through rhyming, or giving students hand gestures to help them remember their vocabulary.

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is also very closely linked to Stephen Krashen’s Input Hypothesis. This fantastic presentation from ESOL in Higher Ed’s website does a fantastic job of analyzing Piaget, Vygotsky, and Krashen’s ideas and comparing and contrasting them to each other.

Krashen explains his theory through a simple formula of i + 1. The i represents what a student already knows or can understand (cognates, for example), whereas the +1 stands for “a little bit more.” This “little bit” usually means new vocabulary, new structures (like tense) or a known word used in a new way which changes its meaning. These new concepts are embedded within language that students already understand. Students use their i to negotiate and construct meaning around the unfamiliar +1.

It’s important to note, however, that without a society in which to learn or use it, language would be completely useless. Vygotsky’s emphasis on socialization is also essential in language acquisition. One cannot learn a language in isolation, and even if given an instructor from whom to learn, one is prone to misunderstandings and misconceptions if one only interacts with that sole instructor. It takes multiple exposures in various scenarios from all sorts of people in order to fully construct the meanings of certain words or ideas (such as the concept of “roundness,” for example).

In short, symbols and society are essential tools in my classroom. Without them, my students would not learn a lick of German. It would be impossible for them the link German words to the objects or concepts they represent. It would be impossible for me to communicate with them in any comprehensible sense without symbols, images, gestures, etc. My students would not be able to grow in their language without a society in which to practice, or a zone in which they can use their previous knowledge to discover new meanings and patterns.

Situated Cognition and Comprehensible Input

There is so much I want to say about the third design principle, The Knowledge Principle. So much of what Brown, Collins, and Duguid have to say in their article “Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning” aligns, almost seamlessly, with the progressive methods of teaching a world language today. I’ll try to keep my thoughts organized and to the point.

Dr. Bill Van Patten, professor of Second Language Acquisition of Michigan State University, in his article “Creating Comprehensible Input and Output,” defines communication as “the expression and interpretation of meaning in a given context.” Context is defined as the setting (physical space) and the participants (including their ages, roles, genders). He goes on to explain that “the classroom is one context with fixed participants and a fixed setting. So the classroom context will affect how we express and interpret meaning as well as what kind of meaning can be in focus.”

But just because my context is a classroom, it does not mean that I am restricted to the culture of a traditional classroom; i.e. the typical student-teacher dynamic (teacher as “sage on stage,” students as compliant pupils following directions) or that my interactions with my students are inauthentic.

So here is my struggle: what is the “culture” of my content? One would think that would have a very simple answer, because as a German teacher I am expected to teach German culture, but the “culture” that we learned about through John Seely Brown, et. al. has a slightly different meaning. In their article on situated cognition, enculturation refers to the practice of exposing students to the behavior, language, and culture of practitioners. For conventional core subjects, these practitioners are usually professionals in the field: historians, poets, doctors, chemists, etc. But who would be a practitioner of German? A linguist? A translator? Or the just plain folk (JPF) of everyday Germany?

In order to find the answer, we’ll have to backtrack a few steps. Van Patten explains that “learners hear and see language in a communicative context that they process for meaning. We call this type of language input. Input cannot be equated with the staple of much traditional language teaching: explanation about grammar, presentation of vocabulary lists, practice, fill-in-the-blanks, and so on. For mental representation to develop, learners have to hear and see language as it is used to express meaning.”  Brown, Collins, and Duguid reinforce the idea of input with their theory of “legitimate peripheral participation.” They state that “this peripheral participation is particularly important for people entering the culture. They need to observe how practitioners at various levels behave and talk” From here, then, we can make the assumption that input should come from an authentic place - what would students communicating in German likely talk about? In what communicative/conversational situations would my students likely find themselves? I therefore believe that my job is to enculturate my students into the world of JPF Germans, where they can converse and communicate with peers and native Germans alike.

In conclusion, I need to give students opportunities to hear language in an authentic context, even if that context is a classroom. I just have to make sure the input and communication flows from culture of JPFs communicating and conversing rather than that of a teacher explicitly teaching language rules to her students.

An example of this could involve the following: I tell my students a story about what I did over the past weekend. This is a conversation they would very likely have with a teacher, a friend, or a coworker. Students are given the task of remembering who I saw, and what I did with each person and when (for example, I went to the movies with my husband on Friday evening, but went shopping with my sister on Saturday). Students can then use this model to discuss their weekends with me and the rest of the class. By the end, we’ll have a record of what everyone did over the weekend. I can then pull up an infographic of what Germans enjoy doing in their free time (bike riding, watching TV, playing soccer), and we can compare and contrast our findings, reconnecting them to the work of Germany and its people.

A Saber-toothed Criticism

As I read J. Abner Peddiwell's The Saber-tooth Curriculum, I found myself frequently nodding my head in agreement. My poor (non-teacher) husband had to sit through lengthy passages that I just "had to read out loud" to him. So much of Peddiwell's criticism hit home.

Unfortunately, despite its original publishing date of 1939, so many of Peddiwell's thoughts and allegories still ring true today. A poorly-designed educational system not only opens a society up to attack, as seen by the warrior tribe in the text, but also leads to a steep economic/social decline of the society itself. By the end of the story, there is a deep divide between the "haves" (greedy fish chiefs/corrupt Wall Street execs?) and the "have nots" (paleo-youth playing with rocks to pass the time/"educated" Millennials drowning in student loans who can't find jobs in their fields of study?).

All of these problems stem from the main theme that the instruction students receive is completely inauthentic. Nothing that these children and young adults are expected to learn has any real-life connection to what their current community needs. Although the original system developed by New-Fist was authentic to the community of his time, as the needs of that community evolved the lessons taught to their youth remained the same.

Peddiwell's dystopic description of general education then/today also applies to modern foreign language instruction. There is a huge paradigm shift going on right now (well, attempting to, anyway) about how we teach our students language and what language acquisition actually looks like. The "old ways" of grammar-translation and audio-lingual methodologies (think workbook pages with grammar exercises and "dialogs" that have to be memorized) are still deeply rooted in language classrooms and curricula all over the country.

"New wave" instructors using comprehensible input (CI) and communicative language teaching (CLT) methods are constantly fighting against these traditional ideologies. We are sometimes successful, but often we run into a lot of the same resistance found in Sabertooth (such as the progressive teacher who started her “Real-Creek School of Fish-Grabbing”). Many curricula still insist on explicit grammar instruction and inauthentic "communication" exercises as means of assessment.

Language acquisition experts such as Stephen Krashen and Bill VanPatten are working to challenge these traditional approaches and change instruction to be more authentic, communicative, and reflective of natural acquisition. I have found great success following their advice, using CI, TPRS, MovieTalk, Communicative Tasks and other strategies in my lessons. The links below describe their theories and research to those who are curious:

http://www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/best%20of%20bilash/krashen.html

http://learninglanguages.celta.msu.edu/sla-vanpatten/

Throw out those Lesson Plans!

Paradigm shifts are scary: they mean that everything you were doing before was misinformed or counter-productive. All those hours gone to waste. And what do teachers hate more than anything else? Having our precious time wasted. Oh, yeah, and being wrong. We hate that, too.

It all comes from a good place, though. We want to do our best. We want the kids to learn and grow. It’s important! We’re important! And it takes a ton of time to plan meaningful and motivating lessons for our students. We give up our lunch breaks, mornings, evenings, and weekends planning out activities, aligning said activities to standards and content goals, assessing the activities in order to give our students feedback and inform our next round of planning, etc.

We’ve worked so hard to create the plans we’ve used in our classrooms everyday. And now we have to throw it all away?

Well, yeah.

And here’s why: Lesson “plans” are not the place to start. A plan is just a list; a series of exercises in chronological order that keep students busy and fill class time with content-centered activity. Having a plan is important, but should always come second - or even third - to design.

“But design and planning are the same thing! I design my lesson plans!!” one may argue.

Well, no.

Design is the big picture: the architectural concepts and sketches behind the final blueprints and construction.

Unlike planning and logistics, Design lives in a conceptual space. The world in which Design lives does not have any rules - gravity and the laws of planetary motion do not exist in Design World. So what does? Creativity, abstract thought, invention, flashes of brilliance, that feeling of elation you get when you finally remember the name of that actor from that movie with Barbra Streisand that made you cry.

Anyone who has ever had a brilliant “Aha!” moment has started here, in Design World. Once design is in place, once the idea has formed, then the planning and logistics can begin.

So what can implementing design do for me as a teacher?

A good design can:

• Solve a common problem, usually in simple and innovative ways.
• Inspire new ideas or perspectives.
• Communicate an overarching message or theme.
• Elicit a specific emotion or reaction from an audience.

Implementing design into our teaching not only makes our content more engaging for our students, but it inspires them to incorporate the skill of design into their own lives. Take a look at your curriculum. Do you see an authentic problem that you want your students to solve? Do you want to communicate an overarching concept or theme to your students? Do you want your students to walk away with a specific feeling about a topic? Start there. Allow yourself to break the rules of Tradition and hang out in Design World for a bit.

Eureka! You’ve got it? Now you can start planning!